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Rise and fall of behaviorism
Partly in reaction to the
subjective and introspective nature of Freudian psychodynamics, and its
focus on the recollection of childhood experiences, during the early
decades of the 20th century, behaviorism gained popularity as a guiding
psychological theory. Founded by John B. Watson and embraced and
extended by Edward Thorndike, Clark L. Hull, Edward C. Tolman, and
later B.F. Skinner), behaviorism was grounded in studies of animal
behavior. Behaviorists shared the view that the subject matter of
psychology should be operationalized with standardized procedures which
led psychology to focus on behavior, not the mind or consciousness.They
doubted the validity of introspection for studying internal mental
states such as feelings, sensations, beliefs, desires, and other
unobservables. In "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913),
Watson argued that psychology "is a purely objective experimental
branch of natural science," that "introspection forms no essential part
of its methods", and that "the behaviorist recognizes no dividing line
between man and brute." Skinner rejected hypothesis testing as a
productive method of research, considering it to be too conducive to
speculative theories that would promote useless research and stifle
good research.
Behaviorism reigned as the dominant model in psychology throughout the
first half of the 20th century, largely due to the creation of
conditioning theories as scientific models of human behavior, and their
successful application in the workplace and in fields such as
advertising and military science.
However, it became increasingly clear that, although it had made some
important discoveries, behaviorism was deficient as a guiding theory of
human behavior.Noam Chomsky helped spark the cognitive revolution in
psychology through his review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, in
which Chomsky challenged the behaviorist approach to the study of
behavior and language dominant in the 1950s. In his theory of
Generative Grammar Chomsky demonstrated that language could not be
learned purely from conditioning, because people could produce
sentences unique in structure and meaning that couldn't possibly be
generated solely through experience of natural language — implying that
there must be internal states of mind that behaviorism rejected as
illusory. Similarly, work by Albert Bandura showed that children could
learn by social observation, without any change in overt behavior, and
so must be accounted for by internal representations
Partly in reaction to the
subjective and introspective nature of Freudian psychodynamics, and its
focus on the recollection of childhood experiences, during the early
decades of the 20th century, behaviorism gained popularity as a guiding
psychological theory. Founded by John B. Watson and embraced and
extended by Edward Thorndike, Clark L. Hull, Edward C. Tolman, and
later B.F. Skinner), behaviorism was grounded in studies of animal
behavior. Behaviorists shared the view that the subject matter of
psychology should be operationalized with standardized procedures which
led psychology to focus on behavior, not the mind or consciousness.They
doubted the validity of introspection for studying internal mental
states such as feelings, sensations, beliefs, desires, and other
unobservables. In "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913),
Watson argued that psychology "is a purely objective experimental
branch of natural science," that "introspection forms no essential part
of its methods", and that "the behaviorist recognizes no dividing line
between man and brute." Skinner rejected hypothesis testing as a
productive method of research, considering it to be too conducive to
speculative theories that would promote useless research and stifle
good research.
Behaviorism reigned as the dominant model in psychology throughout the
first half of the 20th century, largely due to the creation of
conditioning theories as scientific models of human behavior, and their
successful application in the workplace and in fields such as
advertising and military science.
However, it became increasingly clear that, although it had made some
important discoveries, behaviorism was deficient as a guiding theory of
human behavior.Noam Chomsky helped spark the cognitive revolution in
psychology through his review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, in
which Chomsky challenged the behaviorist approach to the study of
behavior and language dominant in the 1950s. In his theory of
Generative Grammar Chomsky demonstrated that language could not be
learned purely from conditioning, because people could produce
sentences unique in structure and meaning that couldn't possibly be
generated solely through experience of natural language — implying that
there must be internal states of mind that behaviorism rejected as
illusory. Similarly, work by Albert Bandura showed that children could
learn by social observation, without any change in overt behavior, and
so must be accounted for by internal representations
